MOTION PERFORMED BY LIVING THINGS

MOTION PERFORMED BY LIVING THINGS

     In our daily life, there are many things that can included to living things and nonliving things. The characteristics of living things are moving, feeding, breathing or respiration, excretion, growth, and irritabilitation, Every day, every living things such human, animal or plant always makes a motion. Motion is one form of reaction to stimuli. Motion on different plants and animals because plants do not have the special tools to move, while animals generally have tools. Microorganisms move a certain way.

     Motion is a change in position of an object on the reference point. Reference point itself is defined as the starting point or the point where the observer is there. Relative motion means the motion of an object depends heavily on the reference point. Moving object can be said to be moving, as an example when we walked by carrying a bag, the another people around us say that we moved, but when we at the position of the bag, we will says that its not moving.

A.    The motion in the plant

     Plant one of the characteristics of living things are moving. plants as living things are also moving. but the motion in plants can not move freely, but plant can move because of stimuli from outside the body of the plant. Etionom motion also called esionom motion. The stimulation can be touch, light, chemicals, water, earth's gravity, and temperature.

     Based on the motion, etionom divided into three moving, namely tropism, taksis, and nasti. Motion on plants that grow away from or near the stimuli is called tropism. Positive tropism is when the direction of motion toward the direction of the stimuli, and negative tropism is when the direction of motion away from the direction of the stimuli.

     Based on the stimuli that received by the plant, it can be divided to several types, namely geotropism, phototropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism and chemotropism.

       a)      Geotropism

The another example of motion in plant is Roots grow’s that always grow downward due to gravity stimulation. Geotropism is the movement of plant parts towards the center of the earth because of the force of gravity stimulation. Because the root motion stimuli caused by gravity (gravity) and the direction of motion toward the direction of the stimulus, then grow roots movement called positive geotropism. Instead of other plant organ motion away from the center of the earth is called negative geotropism.

Cholodny theory on geotropisme filed alleged that auxin is moved from the upper parts of the rod when the rod go to a part under altered from a vertical position to a horizontal position. Most geotropisme directed at the root. At first that the admission of gravity is the root cap.  Lentils (lens) to respond to gravity when the shoots are cut the roots, until the root meristem and root cap is formed again. When the maize root cap or other species removed using surgical techniques inhibit root growth, gravitropik response does not occur until the same hood or other hood replaced or a new hood grow back. As with other living creatures, plants also did motion. But plants do not like motion on other living creatures in the form of displacement. Higher plants only move on the part of certain parts of the body, such as crooked stems, branches and roots, folded leaves. Broadly speaking, the motion is divided into Autonomic motion or the motion Endonom which occurs spontaneously without stimulation and Etionom motion due to the stimulation.

The example of geotropisme is flowers grow on peanuts. At the time of blooming flowers, its movement away from the center of the earth, including the negative geotropisme. But after fertilization, flower motion then down towards the ground to the center of the earth and continue to grow into fruit peanuts. Thus, a change in motion flowers grow on peanuts. Before fertilization is geotropisme negative and positive after conception is geotropisme. This rate of growth is influenced by the role of growth hormone.

Talk about gravity, we would not be separated with Newton's law of universal gravitation which says that all particles in the world attracts all other particles with force proportional to the product of the mass of the particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This style works along the line connecting the two particles.

b)      Fototropisme

  

Phototropism is the growth of organisms in response to light. The growth or movement of a plant part in response to a source of light. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light have a chemical called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This causes the plant to have elongated cells on the farthest side from the light. Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source is called positive phototropism, while growth away from light is called negative phototropism. Most plant shoots exhibit positive phototropism, and rearrange their chloroplasts in the leaves to maximize photosynthetic energy and promote growth.In plants, the parts sensitive to stimulation is the tip of the shoot. When the motion leading to the source of stimulation is called positive phototropism, such as shoot tips growing movement toward the light.

c)      Hydrotropism

Hydrotropism is a plant's growth response in which the direction of growth is determined by a stimulus or gradient in water concentration. A common example is a plant root growing in humid air bending toward a higher relative humidity level. Usually the roots grow straight downward to obtain water from the soil. However, if in this direction there is not enough water, the roots will grow quite veering towards the water. Thus, the direction of growth may not be in the direction of gravity. Root motion of towards the source of water is called positive hydrotropism.

d)     Thigmotropism

Thigmotropism is movement of plant parts due to the stimulation of the hand or touch interface. This movement was evident in the motion of the rod tip or the tip twisted tendrils of Cucurbitaceae and Passiflora. Example: plants that climb upward are peas, grapes, passion fruit, watermelon, and cucumber.

e)      Chemotropism

In chemotropism, the stimuli is chemicals. The growing plant that can did moving causes by chemical. For example, the growth of reed pollen movement toward ovaries when fertilization takes place.

B.     The motion in the human and animal

In the nature, every living things performs a variety of motion. When a human or animal want to leave to go somewhere then it will move either by walking or running. To reach a certain distance it is take a certain time, so we can calculate the speed of the motion. Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time of travel. The formula of average speed is  

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In living things, not only about the transfer of motion from one point to another, but more than that movement in living organisms are also members of a whole body motion of either or partly carried by the living body, as practiced by plants and living creatures low level. Motion in a living organism is defined as a change in body position either by the whole body or a living body part, so that a sense of motion as has been said before we can use to determine the motion of living beings. Motion in living things are divided into two, namely: passive motion and active motion. Passive movement is a movement that is done by most of the living body as that of the plant body. While active motion is the motion carried by almost all living things as done by animals and humans. Motion carried by the active muscles, whereas passive movement brought about by bone. Locomotor muscles active in animals and humans have three types based on the structure and workings of each muscle, whereas bone is divided into two types based on a structure consisting either. Muscle in animals and humans is built from the muscle tissue, the general public better known as muscle or tendon meat. While bone is a connective tissue that is built from bone cells, plays an important role in the process of blood formation.